Modern Europe

Europe

Interaction between Humans and the Environment – Demography and disease, Migration, Patterns of settlement, Technology
Development and Interaction of Cultures – Religions, Belief systems, Science and technology, The arts and architecture
State-building, Expansion, and Conflict – Political structures and forms of governance, Empires, Nations and nationalism, Revolts and revolutions, Regional, trans-regional, and global structures and organizations
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems – Agricultural and pastoral production, Trade and commerce, Labor systems, Industrialization, Capitalism and socialism
Development and Transformation of Social Structures – Gender roles and relations, Family and kinship, Racial and ethnic constructions, Social and economic classes

Europe in General
western europe - continued colonization, global trade
seized trading networks
political changes/ social conflict ---- reforms because of poor working conditions
women status did not change with revolution - poor women went from house work to factory work and upper class had more advantages but no power in government
nationalism - developing under groups with single ruler b/c Napoleonic wars

• congress of vienna in 1815 little interest in nationalism more in maintaining balance of power with great britain, austria, prussia, and russia
  • congress of vienna balance of power, restored monarchs, redrew boundaries
• fight for nations identity/power
• caused revolutions of 1848 throughout europe (caused by conservative policies, economic problems, bad working conditions
  • manorialism ended

France

• French Revolution
  • caused because of effects of long term absolute monarchy
  • economic problems
  • rise of bourgeoisie
  • enlightenment ideas
  • stages - aristocrats challenged king - people support bourgeoise
  • French Republic National convention
  • continuing war w/ great britain and Austria
  • outcome - national assembly, abolition of feudalism, reorganization of church, national convention
  • napoleon came to power
• december 1848 - second french republic
  • democratic constitution - elected Louis Napoleon
    • made himself emperor and second french empire
    • exiled and third french republic formed and new constitution written (parliamentary government)

Germany

• Charlemagne attempted to unify vassals after power was decentralized (fall of the roman empire) land given to feudal lords
• died kingdoms divided again
• Hugh Carpet - est. central monarchy set basis for french absolute monarchy
• uprisings across europe - frankfurt assembly wrote new constitution for unified germany - decline
• Otto von Bismarck - united germany with prussia

Great Britain
began industrialization - spread all over world (globally)
developed because of agricultural revolution

• increase in population
• improvements in technology
• improved production/advances led to population explosion
• improved medical care, nutrition, hygiene, sanitation
• steam engine, steel, factory system
  • Great britain - large amounts of coal - became world leader
  • transportation advances, rise of middle class
• spread to all of europe quickly
• urbanization

women's suffrage movements - aggressive tactics want to vote
gained right between 1909 and 1919

Portugal

• world trade with japan - est. trading rights
• took over east african trading centers
• concentrated on long distance trade
• Dutch Britain and French able to take much of trade because portugal is a royal monopoly (subject to government regulations where everyone else was privately owned)